Breast Cancer A Malignant Tumour Essay - 1854 Words

BREAST CANCER The health issue I am investigating is breast cancer in New Zealand. Breast cancer is a malignant tumour, a group of cancer cells that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body, that starts in the cells of the breast. If a breast lump is found, or any other symptoms (change in size/shape, dimpling of the skin, discharge etc.) , one would be referred to a breast specialist. From this point there are three stages in accurate diagnosis of breast cancer. The first is a clinical examination with a specialist. They will examine both breasts, checking the size, position and other characteristics (hard/soft, regular/irregular) as well as discussing how long the lump has been there for and whether it is painful. The doctor will also discuss about previous breast lumps and family history. The next stage is a mammogram and/or ultrasound scan. A mammogram is a safe low dose x-ray of the breast tissue that indicates any suspicious areas (This method can detect ca ncer far before a lump can be seen or felt). An ultrasound scan (sonography) uses sound waves to form an image of the breast tissue, usually used to target a specific area of concern after a mammogram. The ultrasound can help distinguish between cysts (fluid filled sacs) and solid masses. The third stage of diagnosis is the Biopsy. In biopsies, doctors take cells/tissue samples from the suspicious lump so they can be analysed in a laboratory. There are four types of biopsies: FineShow MoreRelatedAdvanced Computational Intelligence Techniques For Hypoglycemia Monitoring System1204 Words   |  5 Pagesbiomedical applications (breast cancer detection) RESEARCH AREA OF INTEREST : HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES 1. 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These are just some questions that can go through a persons mind just thinking about cancer or seeing it in the media. The Definition of cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body

Fantasy Voyage from Femoral Vein to Right Lobe of the Lung Free Essays

HS 130 Unit 4 Assignment Fantasy Voyage and Battle of the Lung Hello everyone and welcome aboard! I am S Y. with Voyage Health. Today, we will embark together in my mini-sub and we shall travel through the body of this young lady named Lola. We will write a custom essay sample on Fantasy Voyage from Femoral Vein to Right Lobe of the Lung or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this journey we will enter her body through the femoral vein and travel all the way to her lung. Alert! Alert! An alert just came and we are in for a surprise. Bacteria have invaded Lola’s lower lobe of her right lung and we shall report the invasion and document all we see. Let’s proceed. We are being injected into the femoral vein close to the groin area. The femoral vein runs parallel with the femoral artery through the upper thigh and pelvic region of the body. (Yahoo Health, 2013) Being one of the larger veins in the body, the femoral vein returns blood into the leg to the heart through the iliac vein. Before we get to the iliac vein, we pass through the inguinal ligament that forms a band going from anterior superior iliac spine to the pubis ligament. The role of the inguinal ligament is to protect the tissue movement between the trunk and the lower extremities. Yahoo Health, 2013) From the inguinal ligament, going north, we see the external iliac vein which is a continuation of the femoral vein just above the inguinal ligament. Starting at the groin area, the external iliac vein goes along the pelvic area. When it intersects with the internal iliac vein , we will navigate East into the common iliac vein that functions to drain the perineal regions. The iliac vei ns are joined together to form inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava, also know as posterior vena cava, is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. (Yahoo Health, 2013). It runs behind the abdominal cavity and alongside the right vertebrae column of the spine and it carries blood from the lower body to the heart. (Yahoo Health, 2013) From here we can already see the heart. Isn’t it fantastic? We are so close to the pump that keeps the human body alive. Once we enter it, we will experience first hand the intricate operation of this marvelous mechanism. Next stop. Right atrium. One of the four chambers of the heart, the right atrium lets deoxygenated blood to pass through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and from there to the lung to oxygenate. The tricuspid valve, also known as right atrioventricular valve is located between the two chambers and it looks like flaps that blocks blood flowing back into the atrium. (Yahoo Health, 2013) The right ventricle of the heart has the mission to pump the blood into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunk right into the lungs. Ready to go through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery? Here we go! Weeeee†¦.. We are steps away from the most magnificent oxygen factory you have ever seen. Short and wide, the pulmonary artery begins at the base of the right ventricle and with a considerable size of 1. inches in diameter and 2. 0 inches in length. Interesting fact: the pulmonary artery is one of the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood. The other artery is the umbilical artery in the fetus. This is just something I remembered from an Anatomy class I used to take in college. The main pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle of the heart an d branches into left and right pulmonary arteries. The left and right pulmonary arteries extend to the left lung and right lungs. (Bailey, Regina 2013) Now just relax and sit back. Enjoy the ride to the lung! Going through the Finally, as promised, welcome the most amazing oxygen factory of the human body! The lung. Divided in two, the lung has 5 chambers, 3 on the right side and 2 on the left side. In the right side of the lung, we see the right superior lobe or the apex located right under the collarbone. The right middle lobe right below and what would be the name of the 3rd chamber? Right, the right inferior or lower lobe, also called the base can anyone guesses why? Because it is broad and it rest on the diaphragm right around the 7th rib. Thibodeau, GA Patton, KT, 2008) Our earlier alert lets us know that nasty bacteria have affected the right lower lobe of the lung. We need to watch carefully what is happening and record everything. The body gives an alarm each time something foreign enters it and tries to fight it. Alarm system? Yes. The immune system is our alarm system. The 2 types of immunity are specific and non-specific. The non-specific immunity, also called innate immunity confers general protection from any irritant or abnormal substance that threatens the internal environment. Thibodeau, GA Patton, KT, 2008) For example, the skin and the mucus membrane are non-specific barriers to prevent bacterium from entering the body. A non-specific response is inflammatory response and it is most common immune response. Specific immunity, as the name says, provides specific protection against certain types of invading bacteria or toxic materials. (Thibodeau, GA Patton, KT, 2008) Also called adaptive immunity, specific immunity may be classified as â€Å"natural† or â€Å"artificial†. Natural immunity is non-deliberate exposure to disease agents and it can be active or passive. An example of passive natural immunity is the immunity given to the fetus by the mother. Artificial immunity is deliberate exposure to disease agents and one example is vaccine for polio. Afterwards, the person who has received the vaccine will have active artificial immunity. In Lola’s case, her non-specific immunity kicked in when the bacteria invaded the lung. The white blood cells, monocytes and macrophages are in action These are natural killer cells that fight inflammation. Most likely, Lola will develop fever and the neutrophils are first to come in during inflammatory process. After the body starts to recover and the fever subdues, the lymphocytes will activate and create antibodies. That means that Lola will have specific immunity once this event is registered into the memory cells. Seems that Lola will be on her way to recovery soon and we documented the Battle of the Lung. Shall we continue our journey? The pathway out is through the nose and even though it might seem gross, we will see some very interesting things on the way out. Let’s proceed! Seat belts on, please! We are passing through the alveolar membrane into the alveoli. Can you see the structure? They look like grapes and they are as many as 10 times larger than the entire surface area of the body. Together, the alveoli can cover 100 square meters. (Thibodeau, GA Patton, KT, 2008) Leaving the grape shaped alveoli behind we move to the bronchioles and then into the bronchi straight into the trachea. The trachea is like the trunk of a tree upside down holding on each side the lungs and it is formed of 15-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage that protect the windpipe. It extends from the bronchi all the way up to the larynx in the neck over a length of approx. 4. 5 inches. From there, we move to the nasopharinx passing right behind the vocal cords, palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil. Watch out! The uvula! Phew, that was a close one†¦.. We are in the nasopharinx now and we can already see the light at the end of the tunnel. I mean, at the end of the nose. We can see the frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses that help draining of the nose. Floating through the nasal septum into the external nostrils, we are at our final destination. Let’s stop for a moment and take a deep breath. We got to admit the human body is quit fantastic. I hope you have enjoyed this journey as much as I did. And hopefully, Lola will recover from that bacterium soon. Thank you for your spirit of adventure. This is S Y. with Voyage Health. References Yahoo Health, Femoral Vein (2013). Retrieved from http://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/femoral-vein Yahoo Health, Inguinal Ligament (2013). Retrieved from http://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/inguinal-ligament Yahoo Health, Inferior Vena Cava (2013), Retrieved from http://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/inferior-vena-cava Yahoo Health, Triscupid Valve(2013), Retrieved from ttp://health. yahoo. net/human-body-maps/tricuspid-valve Bailey Regina (2013), Pulmonary Artery, about. com guide. Article retrieved from http://biology. about. com/od/anatomy/ss/pulmonary_artery. htm Thibodeau, G. A. Patton, K. T. (2008)Structure and Function of the Body, Chapter 14, The Respiratory System, 13th Edition, St. Louis, MO;Mosby Elsevier, Thibodeau, G. A. Patton, K. T. (2008)Structure and Func tion of the Body, Chapter 13, The Immune System, 13th Edition, St. Louis, MO;Mosby Elsevier. How to cite Fantasy Voyage from Femoral Vein to Right Lobe of the Lung, Papers

Logistics Management for Global Plants- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLogistics Management for Global Manufacturing Plants. Answer: Introduction Supply chain management is a fundamental aspect that ensures the success of business both as a industry as well as in the marketplace. The business organizations have been capable to gain a sustainable and competitive advantage by adopting the effective and competitive supply chain management strategies. The supply chain of the company depends on the proper planning and implementation of the strategies. In short Supply chain management or logistics management can be defined as the movement of goods and services that involves the movement and storage of raw materials, inventory or finished goods from the point of origination to the end users or a third party medium. Therefore a proper coordination of different interconnected channels is utmost necessary for the success of the business. The following report takes the example of Dell Corporation to determine the Logistics management in a much better way. Dell Background Information Dell is an American Multinational computer technology company that has its headquarters in the Round Rock area of Texas (dell.com 2018). The company deals in the development, selling, repairing and support of the computers and different computer related accessories. Dell is amongst the most advanced Computer manufacturing Companies of the world and is reputed of producing one of the most advanced versions of computers among the other computer companies of the globe. The management of the company excels itself in holding them as well as their suppliers to a high standard and ensures both responsibility and guarantees sustainability. The high standards set by the company are meant to ensure a proper respect for all the employees, customers and the suppliers of the company. The management of the company ensures full transparency and honest deals with the customers. The company decided to open the doors of its manufacturing facilities for the customers to see, evaluate and then choose th e services and products. This has helped them to gain significant loyalty and trust and has helped them to hold a significant position in the market. Logistics Management According to, Mangan Lalwani and Lalwani (2016) logistics is generally the complwx and diversified organization and implementation of different business operations. The management of logistics is the part of the supply chain management that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow of goods and services between the point of origin and the point of delivery. The complex process that is involved in logistics can be visualized, analyzed and managed by the implementation of dedicated software. Efficient management is the key to the success of the organization. Reasons behind Dell logistics Management Success Global Manufacturing Plants The mentioned company has a number of different global production facilities in different geographical locations of the world which makes it one of the most successful MNCS of the world. The management of Dell chooses the location of its manufacturing or development plant after a thorough and careful consideration of a number of different parameters or the location specific advantages that these areas provide to the company. The main advantages of establishing a number of different international operational centers are: Lower labor costs Tax exemption in most cases Proximity of location to large international markets Reduction in delivery time and better packaging Better Services because of the close location Though there are a lot of disadvantages of establishing RD facilities or manufacturing facilities at new areas of the world, the management of the aforesaid company has impressively neutralized such risks. The absence of numerous global plants in the organizational set up of Acer is also a striking difference and clearly weakens the logistical reach of the company. The company thus has to totally depend on the third party players to supply the manufactured products to the end users. Just in Time Production Just in Time Production Model was a production model implemented by Toyota Motor Corporation in the early 1960s. It emphasized the need for just the required equipments, only the required accessories and only the required time needed for the delivery of a product or service. The management of Dell inspired them from such a concept and implanted the same strategy in their organization. However the initial implementation phase saw the rise a number of different problems within the organizational set up as implementing each of the different things on time and making them available easily to deliver the products and services on time was an arduous task for the management (Mangan Lalwani and Lalwani 2016). The management of the said company changed the approach and started to implement CCID consulting and direct business model which created a joint model and limited the exposure of any forms of risk. On the other hand the management of Acer has failed to implement a proper business model while delivering the products which is one of the biggest failures. The Just in time production process is not at all suitable for Acer as it will struggle to meet the pace of the process and will lead to huge failure. Inventory Management The management of Dell has successfully replaced inventory with proper information which has formed the basis for the logistics chain management of the company. It also seeks to reduce and manage inventory through the use of information. Such a replacement allows the organization for a lean supply. A minimum inventory level is flexible enough to adapt to the changes of the demand and supply process. The following contributes to the reduction in the cost of the manufactured products of the organization. The company has also stocked up a large inventory in supply as it helps the organization to avoid any form of risk arising in the supply chain of the organization. Supply and demand are difficult to predict and is projected to variation. This makes the supply chain much more risky and absence of a proper inventory can make the Company vulnerable to external risk. Thus the presence of a well planned and effective inventory management helps the organization to be a step ahead in logistic s management. Outsourcing Manufacturing Outsourcing is perhaps the most common strategy is adapted by the large companies to reduce their operating costs as well as their labor costs (Mangan Lalwani and Lalwani 2016). Outsourcing has helped Dell to concentrate on their own competencies on how to manage and maintain an efficient supply chain, customer service, research and develop new products and redevelop the old products. The management of Dell computers has focused on the manufacturing of computers as their main business and thus from a long time the Company has outsourced the manufacturing of the components and other accessories of their brand. The company has kept the manufacturing of the main components of the software with themselves just because they want to avoid any kind of unwanted complications in the manufacturing process. Outsourcing is thus one of the reasons for success of Dell. Acer on the other hand has failed to garner much attention in outsourcing its tasks which has made it impossible for Acer to gain a healthy competitive advantage in the market. Maintaining Sustainable Competitive Advantage The maintenance of a sustainable competitive advantage is utmost necessary for the success of the business. The company can sustain its hold in the market if it can ensure a proper strategic competitive advantage in the market. The maintenance of a strategic competitive advantage ensures the stronghold of the company in the market (SEMAHEGN 2017). The mentioned company has been able to keep the stronghold by reducing its dependency on direct sales, selling the products through retail channels as well as online selling and launching a number of different products like laptops, notebooks, computers, accessories and many more as such. The company was practically forced to develop new capabilities by selling through different types of channels like retail and online sales (Rushton Croucher and Baker 2014). This was helpful for the organization to develop more products and regain the lost position. It also took some extra steps to ensure the best customer service for their clients (Jacobs Chase and Lummus 2014). It introduced a concierge service for the customers of the organization that provided personalized and remote services for all their customers. The management of Dell has also increased its presence in social media by means of establishing direct sales models for the customers. Therefore it can be seen that the presence of the competitive advantage in the market has been a reckoning force for the organization in the global arena. Logistic management of Dell and its suitability to other companies The logistics and supply chain management of Dell includes a number of key marketing channels. These marketing channels of dell contain both the suppliers of the organization as well as the customers. The company does not engage any intermediaries or third parties in between them and thus makes the process much faster in nature. The main models of the supply chain management Direct Sales Model- The direct sales model of the organization does not involve any of the retailers or the wholesalers for selling the PCs it produces (Aguirre and Goudge 2014). The following model helps the management of the organization to be in direct contact with the customers and thus helps to get the correct feedbacks of the customers regarding a certain product. The direct sales model of the company also reduces the cost and additional time that is otherwise incurred in other channels. The fact that the products are handed directly to the customers drastically reduces the price of the materials and reduce s the operating cost of the company. Concept of Sustainability Business sustainability is most often defined as the management of the triple bottom line which is the process by which the companies manage the different financial, environmental, social and other needs of the business (Christopher 2016). The following approach however is dependent on the accounting based perspective and is not always dependent on the time element that is inherent within the business sustainability. The business organizations must adhere to some strict principles to maintain the flow of sustainable development. There are a large number of different business practices that helps to improvise the business sustainability and help the organization to move along the path of the backbenchers to be the leaders of the community. Therefore Sustainability is one of the main elements that must be kept in mind by the organizations to ensure a long run in the market. Concept of Sustainability in Dell The management of Dell unlike most of the other companies has taken the sustainability issues seriously and has an ambitious goal of demonstrating that the social and environmental benefits of their customers provide to the world by using their different products act supreme over the footprint of making and using them tenfold (SEMAHEGN 2017). The company has introduced the concept in 2013 which is also known as the legacy of good is basically a commitment to ensure the sustainability is implemented in the business by the process by which they carry on their business activities. The management of Dell also regularly measures the progress by interacting with the customers. Dell is also involved in supporting the youth learning and boost information and communication technology skills among the underprivileged people of the societies. The management has thus ensured a proper and efficient Sustainable process in place to ensure a great future for the organization (Christopher 2016). Conclusion The following report has presented the readers a well constructed study on the different elements of logistics and supply chain management of a company. The example of Dell has provided a practical viewpoint to the readers and will help to get a clear and realistic picture of supply chain management. A thorough analysis of the total report is necessary for the readers to get a compact idea of the aforesaid topic. The scope of the report has increased due to the presence of the both generalized as well as specific sustainability report of the organization. References Aguirre, G.C. and Goudge, D., 2014. LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT.Patrick D. Fountain, p.57. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Dell.com. (2018).Dell United States Official Site | Dell United States. [online] Available at: https://www.dell.com/en-us [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018]. Jacobs, F.R., Chase, R.B. and Lummus, R.R., 2014.Operations and supply chain management(pp. 533-535). New York, NY: mcgraw-Hill/Irwin. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. And Lalwani, C.L., 2016.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. And Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. SEMAHEGN, A., 2017.LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT(Doctoral dissertation, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY). Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E.W. and Papadopoulos, T., 2016. Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications.International Journal of Production Economics,176, pp.98-110.